However, the CERN collaboration measurement is in conflict with another prominent constraint on neut

However, the CERN collaboration measurement is in conflict with another prominent constraint on neutrino speeds that comes from looking at the sky. In this diary I will briefly disney world discount tickets describe that result, and why it means, most likely, that they both can't be right.
Very briefly, disney world discount tickets the CERN experiment consists of making neutrinos via collisions in the particle accelerator at CERN, and sending them through the Earth 450 miles to an underground detector in a complex called Gran Sasso, in the Italian Alps. The time it takes the neutrinos to traverse the distance is measured, and the measurements show that the neutrinos can make the trip in some 60 nanoseconds (60 billionths of a second) less than it would take light, indicating that these neutrinos can travel faster than light.
Einstein's relativity, which has been a fundamental pillar of our understanding of physics and the nature of space and time, states that nothing can travel faster than light. Given that 60 nanoseconds is a tiny difference, requiring extremely precise determinations of time intervals and lengths - and that faster-than-light neutrinos would require a revolution in physics - people are rightly disney world discount tickets searching for a small source of experimental error that could explain the CERN team's result.
The picture above shows an optical image of the Large Magellenic Cloud, which is a satellite galaxy of our Milky way Galaxy, a kind of mini-galaxy containing millions of stars. In 1987, the LMC hosted a supernova - the massive explosion of a star at the end of its life - which was the nearest supernova to Earth since the invention of the telescope 400 years ago.
The picture above shows a closer view of the site of the supernova explosion that occurred in the LMC in 1987, known as "SN 1987A". Superimposed on the background is an image from the Hubble Space Telescope from several years later showing the expanding shell of material from the original site of the explosion.
Supernovae explosions involve the rapid expansion outward of much of the mass of the star, as well as enormous quantities of light. The brightest disney world discount tickets supernovae can even briefly outshine the other billions of other stars in their galaxy.
Supernovae are the source disney world discount tickets of every atom in the Universe heavier than iron, and those expanding shells are the source of most of the Galactic cosmic rays that lead to the radio and gamma-ray light we see from our own and nearby galaxies.
Supernovae put out an enormous quantity disney world discount tickets of neutrinos. In fact more than 90% of the mass of the star actually comes out as neutrinos. If a supernova happens close enough to Earth, we would expect to see some of the neutrinos from it in detectors disney world discount tickets here on Earth. Neutrinos being very small and neutral, so they are hard to detect, but we would still expect to see a few. That is exactly what happened with SN 1987A, which remains the only distinct celestial object from which we have confirmed neutrinos, other than the Sun.
In the case of SN 1987A, the light was first seen on February 24, 1987. If neutrinos travelled at the speeds necessitated by the CERN result, then, given the large distance to the LMC, we would have seen the neutrinos from SN 1987A four years earlier.
But that's not what happened. The neutrinos arrived three hours earlier. Does this still mean that neutrinos travel a little faster than light? No, because the neutrinos from the explosion are made immediately, while the light we get is actually emitted sometime slightly later by the expanding shell of material.
These two measurements - the CERN to Gan Sasso beam involving a short distance on the Earth and the other, neutrinos from SN1987 A involving an enormous distance in space - are in conflict, and it is unlikely that both can be right. SN1987 A argues for slower-than-light neutrinos, while the recent CERN result argues for faster-then-light neutrinos.
While it is possible to come up with a convoluted model in which neutrino speed is highly energy dependent, most people agree that these two results can't both be correct. Given my irrational bias toward astrophysics, I personally come down on the side that the SN 1987A observations are right and neutrinos are slower-than-light. But that's just my hunch and further observations are needed to settle this.
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To make it worse, all of the neutrinos that were seen on earth arrived within 15 seconds of each other, yet their energies varied over a factor of three or so. So there is no energy dependence in their speeds, to a part per billion.
OPERA would be a part per 50,000 or so (don't recall the exact number). This is a HUGE disparity. If the supernova neutrinos travelled disney world discount tickets at OPERA speeds, they would have arrived about 3 years earlier, not 3 hours.
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Some dude (who's never published a particle physics paper before) got a lot of PR by claiming that GPS hadn't included some rather obvious effects. But they have included those effects since the beginning.
most of us believe that the dark matter particle is its own antiparticle (like photons - there are no antiphotons), and whether that is true or not, you certainly would expect mundane annihilation. In fact, one of the main methods of detecting dark matter is looking for the annihilation products in the galactic halo. There was an experiment with some unusual results a year ago called PAMELA. You might look it up.
But, they ended up being too light by a few orders of magnitude. Plus one of the main things we now know about dark matter is that it tends to form clumps that are sort of the gravitational foundations upon which galaxies are built. It is very hard to see how neutrinos disney world discount tickets would do this.
My guess is that across relatively flat space time gradients disney world discount tickets you get no different in apparent velocity at all but some function of slope in spacetime causes disney world discount tickets a minute difference at and around Earth surface gravity conditions.
Now, if space time slope has a darn thing to do with the differential results, that suggests it's some flavor of Einstein's general theory of relativity (or perhaps just a twist on ye olde results) that has yet to be added to the mix.
had nothing to do with the GPS satellites. It was to eliminate disney world discount tickets the possibility that an error in the original disney world discount tickets pulse shape was causing the effect. The GPS satellites take care of all of the relativistic effects (special and general) so that isn't the problem disney world discount tickets either.
I suppose there could be some modification to general disney world discount tickets relativity that would change the effective speed of light, but suspect that this would have shown up years ago in numerous terrestrial experiments. After all, the speed of photons is measured to ridiculous accuracy on Earth, and no anomalous effects of gravity are found (I think....).
What we may have here is problem data; data inconsistent with the generally accepted theory in the absence of any alternate theory that could account for them. If I recall my Kuhn correctly disney world discount tickets (and it has been a long time) the observed irregularities in the perihelion of Mercury would have been sufficient to throw Newton's theories into doubt had relativity theory been available as an alternative. But how would I know? I bet this question involves math, and I was promised that there would be no math on the final.
I suspect that instinctive "revulsion" that particle physicists such as myself have about the OPERA claim is the absence of any good alte